Zu Teil 3: Religionen in Ostasien → In ganz Südostasien leben 240 Mio. Other significant accomplishments under Croix's administration was the founding of the College of Surgery in 1768, part of the crown's push to introduce institutional reforms that regulated professions. Zürich 1957. [38] Unfortunately, the silver mined through the cost of irreplaceable lives and being a precious metal, meaning a finite resource, barely made it to the starving or dying Spanish, Mexican, Peruvian and Filipino soldiers who were stationed in Presidios across the archipelago struggling against constant invasions while it was sought after by Chinese, Indian, Arab and Malay merchants in Manila who traded with the Latinos for their precious metal in exchange for Silks, Spices, Pearls and Aromatics, etc. Auch indigene religiöse Traditionen nehmen mehr an … [95], The foundation of the town of Puebla was a pragmatic social experiment to settle Spanish immigrants without encomiendas to pursue farming and industry. Indigo, like cacao, was native to the region, and the indigenous peoples gathered wild indigo, used for dying cloth and as a trade good. Adolf Eichmann. Regardless of the possible imprecision related to the counting of Indigenous peoples living outside of the colonized areas, the effort that New Spain's authorities put on considering them as subjects is worth mentioning, as censuses made by other colonial or post-colonial countries did not consider American Indians to be citizens/subjects, as example the censuses made by the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata would only count the inhabitants of the colonized settlements. [83] Spaniards also settled in the temperate area of Orizaba, east of the Citlaltepetl volcano. A few Spaniards acquired prime agricultural lands left vacant by the indigenous demographic disaster. “Multiple religiöse Identität in Ostasien,” in: Reinhold Bernhardt, Perry Schmidt-Leukel (eds. The province of Tehuantepec was the Pacific side of the isthmus and the headwaters of the Coatzacoalcos River. They included Nueva Vizcaya, Nuevo Santander, Sonora y Sinaloa, Las Californias, Coahuila y Tejas (Coahuila and Texas), and Nuevo México. In Bolivia, it was from the single rich mountain of Potosí; but in New Spain, there were two major mining sites, one in Zacatecas, the other in Guanajuato. These communities retained their land, indigenous languages, and distinct ethnic identities. In the Bajío estate owners were evicting tenants in favor of renters better able to pay more for land, there was a disruption of previous patterns of mutual benefit between estate owners and renters. The region was diverse, and outlying provinces were resentful for elites in capital of Antigua Guatemala, destroyed by an earthquake in 1773. Jahrhundert den Islam endgültig an. The crown had set up the Casa de Contratación (House of Trade) in 1503 to regulate contacts between Spain and its overseas possessions. In the course of the 16th century, the native population in Mexico went from an estimated pre-Columbian population of 8 to 20 million to less than two million. [124] Oñate pioneered 'The Royal Road of the Interior Land' or El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro between Mexico City and the Tewa village of Ohkay Owingeh, or San Juan Pueblo. Although much of Puebla's textile output was rough cloth, it also produced higher quality dyed cloth with cochineal from Oaxaca and indigo from Guatemala. Thus, with merely 667,612 people, during this era, the Philippines was among the most sparsely populated lands in Asia. ", Howard F. Cline, "A Census of the Relaciones Geográficas, 1579–1612. In the Philippines Manila near the South China Sea was the main port. Many clerics, such as Bartolomé de las Casas, also tried to protect the natives from de facto and actual enslavement to the settlers, and obtained from the Crown decrees and promises to protect native Mesoamericans, most notably the New Laws. One such act of piracy was led by Francis Drake in 1580, and another by Thomas Cavendish in 1587. In 1786 it became the capital of an intendancy of the same name. Aber wir hatten den Islam noch als vorherrschende Religion. In 1766, the crown appointed Carlos Francisco de Croix, marqués de Croix as viceroy of New Spain. Südostasien ist ein Teil des asiatischen Kontinents und umfasst die Länder, die sich östlich von Indien und südlich von China befinden. Many of the less-affluent men took native wives, and many daughters married later English, French and American settlers. Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart 4 Online (RGG4O) is the online version of the 4th edition of the definitive encyclopedia of religion worldwide: the peerless Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart 4 (RGG4) (Mohr Siebeck, 1998-2007). Ostasien wurde auch eine russische Statthalterschaft genannt, die zwischen 1903 und 1905 bestand und russisch Dalni Wostok, d. h. Ferner Osten, hieß. Mai 2021), Nürnberg: Verlag des Germanischen Nationalmuseums 2021. von Scheliha, Arnulf: „Geordnete Freiheit. It originated in 1521 after the fall of Tenochtitlan, the main event of the Spanish conquest. Figures such as Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, and don Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, stand out as some of the viceroyalty's most notable contributors to Spanish Literature. One region that retained strong Indian land holding was the southern fresh water area, with important suppliers of fresh produce to the capital. Nachdem Religiosität während der kommunistischen Zeit unterdrückt wurde, entstehen nun neue Stätten und Glauben. To the west of the continent, New Spain also included the Spanish East Indies (the Philippine Islands, the Mariana Islands, the Caroline Islands, parts of Taiwan, and parts of the Moluccas). The focus on the economy (and the revenues it provided to the royal coffers) was also extended to society at large. But confraternities also later pursued cattle ranching, as well as mule and horse breeding, depending on the local situation. The Spanish Empire comprised the territories in the north overseas 'Septentrion', from North America and the Caribbean, to the Philippine, Mariana and Caroline Islands. [151] The early colonial history of Tehuantepec and the larger province was dominated by Cortés and the Marquesado, but the crown realized the importance of the area and concluded an agreement in 1563 with the second Marqués by which the crown took control of the Tehuantepec encomienda. The First Audiencia was headed by Hernán Cortés's rival Nuño de Guzmán, who used the court to deprive Cortés of power and property. The most important was the Marquisate of the Valley of Oaxaca, property of Hernán Cortés and his descendants that included a set of vast territories where marquises had civil and criminal jurisdiction, and the right to grant land, water and forests and within which were their main possessions (cattle ranches, agricultural work, sugar mills, fulling houses and shipyards). It was the first European colony in what is now the province of British Columbia and the only Spanish settlement in what is now Canada. Andrés de Urdaneta discovered an efficient sailing route from the Philippine Islands to Mexico which took advantage of the Kuroshio Current. The major action in the War of Jenkins' Ear was a major amphibious attack launched by the British under Admiral Edward Vernon in March 1741 against Cartagena de Indias, one of Spain's major gold-trading ports in the Caribbean (today Colombia). The region did not have indigenous populations that practiced subsistence agriculture. [81], The Caribbean port of Veracruz was small, with its hot, pestilential climate not a draw for permanent settlers: its population never topped 10,000. Likewise, the exploration of the northwest coast by Captain James Cook of the British Navy and the subsequent fur trading activities by British ships was considered an encroachment on Spanish territory. [169] Other example would be the censuses made by the United States, that did not include Indigenous peoples living among the general population until 1860, and indigenous peoples as a whole until 1900.[170]. The Spanish called their overseas empire "the Indies" until the end of its empire, a remnant of Columbus's assertion that he had reached the Far East, rather than a New World. Thus, the creation of the Council of the Indies became another, but extremely important, advisory body to the monarch. The second period of approximately a century (1563–1660) saw the decline of the indigenous entailed estate (cacicazgo) and indigenous political power and development of the colonial economy and imposition of Spanish political and religious structures. Cabrillo sailed far up the coast, becoming the first European to see present day California, United States. The South (Oaxaca, Michoacan, Yucatán, and Central America) was a region of dense indigenous settlement of Mesoamerica, but without exploitable resources of interest to Europeans, the area attracted few Europeans, while the indigenous presence remained strong. In den letzten Jahrzehnten gibt es ein Wiedererwachen von Religion in der Mongolei. Tomás de Comyn, general manager of the Compañia Real de Filipinas, in 1810 estimated that out of a total population of 2,515,406, "the European Spaniards, and Spanish creoles and mestizos do not exceed 4,000 persons of both sexes and all ages, and the distinct castes or modifications known in America under the name of mulatto, quarteroons, etc., although found in the Philippine Islands, are generally confounded in the three classes of pure Indians, Chinese mestizos and Chinese." [136] The largest population in the province was indigenous Maya, who lived in their communities, but which were in contact with the Hispanic sphere via labor demands and commerce.[137]. Since portions of northern New Spain became part of the United States' Southwest region, there has been considerable scholarship on the Spanish borderlands in the north. [49][50], The crown sought reliable information about New Spain and dispatched José de Gálvez as Visitador General (inspector general), who observed conditions needing reform, starting in 1765, in order to strengthen crown control over the kingdom.[51]. April, 21:16 Uhr melden; von Big-Ralle-loves-your-mum . Stephanie Mawson, ‘Between Loyalty and Disobedience: The Limits of Spanish Domination in the Seventeenth Century Pacific’ (Univ. Despite its remoteness from Mexico City, "throughout the colonial era, Oaxaca was one of Mexico's most prosperous provinces. [82] Many Spanish merchants preferred living in the pleasant highland town of Jalapa (1,500 m). [46] The indigo industry in particular also helped to temporarily unite communities throughout the Kingdom of Guatemala due to the smuggling.[46]. Transatlantic ties between a particular Spanish town, Brihuega, and Puebla demonstrate the close connection between the two settlements. As a result, a second wave of missionaries began an effort to completely erase the old beliefs, which they associated with the ritualized human sacrifice found in many of the native religions, eventually putting an end to this practice common before the arrival of the Spaniards. There was a high court Audiencia in the Kingdom of Guatemala. The North was outside the area of complex indigenous populations, inhabited primarily by nomadic and hostile northern indigenous groups. During the era of the conquest, in order to pay off the debts incurred by the conquistadors and their companies, the new Spanish governors awarded their men grants of native tribute and labor, known as encomiendas. Accordingly, he resigned as governor in 1607 and left New Mexico, having spent much of his personal wealth on the enterprise. In the process many artifacts of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican culture were destroyed. The indigo industry thrived, since there was high demand in Europe for a high quality, color-fast blue dye. Ida Altman, Sarah Cline, and Javier Pescador, Christon I. Archer, "Antonio María Bucareli y Ursúa" in, Officers in the army of the Philippines were almost totally composed of Americans,” observed the Spanish historian José Montero y Vidal. Not until the eighteenth century was California of much interest to the Spanish crown, since it had no known rich mineral deposits or indigenous populations sufficiently organized to render tribute and do labor for Spaniards. Due to some horrifying instances of abuse against the indigenous peoples, Bishop Bartolomé de las Casas suggested bringing black slaves to replace them. ... dessen Hauptroute den Mittelmeerraum auf dem Landweg über Zentralasien mit Ostasien verband. Each author gives different estimations for the total population, ranging from 3,799,561 to 6,122,354[165][166] (more recent data suggests that the actual population of New Spain in 1810 was closer to 5 or 5.5 million individuals)[167] as well as the ethnic composition in the country although there isn't much variation, with Europeans ranging from 18% to 22% of New Spain's population, Mestizos ranging from 21% to 25%, Indians ranging from 51% to 61% and Africans being between 6,000 and 10,000. They traded dried shrimp and fish, as well as purple dye from shells to Oaxaca, likely acquiring foodstuffs that they were unable to cultivate themselves. Dem Christentum war eine Verbreitung östlich Kleinasiens – abgesehen von wenigen Ausnahmen – erst mit dem Beginn des Sassaniden-Reiches im 3. Puebla built a significant manufacturing sector, mainly in textile production in workshops (obrajes), supplying New Spain and markets as far away as Guatemala and Peru. Seeking to develop trade between the East Indies and the Americas across the Pacific Ocean, Miguel López de Legazpi established the first Spanish settlement in the Philippine Islands in 1565, which became the town of San Miguel (present-day Cebu City). The Viceroyalty of New Spain united many regions and provinces of the Spanish Empire throughout half a world. Die einzige Landgrenze ist die 243 km lange Grenze zum nördlichen Nachbarn Nordkorea. The more sparsely populated northern Bajío tended to pay higher wages than the southern Bajío, which was increasingly integrated in the economy of central Mexico. Cochineal was a high-value, low-volume product that became the second-most valuable Mexican export after silver. [133], With dense indigenous Maya populations, Yucatán's encomienda system was established early and persisted far longer than in central Mexico, since fewer Spaniards migrated to the region than in the center. Natürlich auch als App. It was this status that barred the native population from the priesthood. This allowed expansion into the 'Province of New Mexico' or Provincia de Nuevo México. These were ships that made voyages from the Philippines to Mexico, whose goods were then transported overland from Acapulco to Veracruz and later reshipped from Veracruz to Cádiz in Spain. However, important precedents of exploration, conquest, and settlement and crown rule had been initially worked out in the Caribbean, which long affected subsequent regions, including Mexico and Peru. Even in the modern era, "Mexico" for many refers solely to Mexico City, with the pejorative view of anywhere but the capital is a hopeless backwater. Since the Philippines was at the center of a crescent from Japan to Indonesia, it alternated into periods of extreme wealth congregating to the location,[31] to periods where it was the arena of constant warfare waged between it and the surrounding nation(s). The census is also known as the "Revillagigedo census" because its creation was ordered by the Count of the same name. Individuals had rights to land so long as they cleared and tilled them and when the soil was exhausted, they repeated the process. [116], Many renters retained ties to the estates, diversifying their household's sources of income and level of economic security. which were products which can merely be grown and manufactured whereas American silver was finite. Ranching emerged as the dominant rural enterprise in most of Tehuantepec with a ranching boom in the period 1580–1640. The Spanish crown and later the Republic of Mexico did not effectively exert sovereignty over the region, leaving it vulnerable to the expansionism of the United States in the nineteenth century. Most of the Hong Kong people of Chinese descent practice Chinese folk religion —which may include Confucian and Taoist doctrines and ritual traditions—or Buddhism, mostly of the Chinese variety.. These included on the North American mainland, central Mexico, Nueva Extremadura, Nueva Galicia, the Californias, Nueva Vizcaya, Nuevo Reyno de León, Texas and Nuevo Santander, as well as the Captaincy General of Guatemala. In Gert Naundorf et al., eds., Religion und Philosophie in Ostasien. The gradual drying up of the central lake system created more dry land for farming, but the sixteenth-century population declines allowed Spaniards to expand their acquisition of land. 1531) in what was called the Bajío, a major zone of commercial agriculture. [132] Although that period was once characterized as New Spain's "century of depression," for Yucatán this was certainly not the case, with sustained growth from the early seventeenth century to the end of the colonial period. Religion und Glaube. From diverse cultural backgrounds and with no sustaining indigenous communities, these indios were quickly hispanized, but largely remained at the bottom of the economic hierarchy. Bis zum 2. The difficult topography around the port affected local development and New Spain as a whole.
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