[22] Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the union has developed a role in external relations and defence. According to new polls about religiosity in the European Union in 2015 by Eurobarometer, Christianity is the largest religion in the European Union, accounting for 71.6% of the EU population. Partnership and cooperation agreements are bilateral agreements with non-member nations. The EU is independent from the Council of Europe, although they share purpose and ideas, especially on the rule of law, human rights and democracy. To prevent the joining states from getting into financial trouble or crisis after entering the monetary union, they were obliged in the Maastricht treaty to fulfil important financial obligations and procedures, especially to show budgetary discipline and a high degree of sustainable economic convergence, as well as to avoid excessive government deficits and limit the government debt to a sustainable level. [152], In the ordinary legislative procedure, the European Commission proposes legislation, which requires the joint approval of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union to pass. Examples of such alliances include the Visegrad Group, Benelux, the Baltic Assembly, the New Hanseatic League, the Weimar Triangle, the Lublin Triangle, EU Med Group and the Craiova Group. [124][125] The relationships of the European microstates, Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City include the use of the euro and other areas of co-operation.[126]. Article 256(1) (ex article 225(1)) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on. These first established the European Community and the EU, and then made amendments to those founding treaties. [261] One of these reforms entailed the modification of the EU's sugar regime, which previously divided the sugar market between member states and certain African-Caribbean nations with a privileged relationship with the EU. [272][273] Several funds provide emergency aid, support for candidate members to transform their country to conform to the EU's standard (Phare, ISPA, and SAPARD), and support to the Commonwealth of Independent States (TACIS). [e] This political philosophy of a supra-national rule over the continent, similar to the example of the ancient Roman Empire, resulted in the early Middle Ages in the concept of a renovatio imperii ("restoration of the empire"),[28] either in the forms of the Reichsidee ("imperial idea")[29] or the religiously inspired Imperium Christianum ("christian empire"). ein "De facto" unabhängiger Staat (Republik Kosovo). There are also a number of ancillary bodies which advise the EU or operate in a specific area. [206], Since the withdrawal of the United Kingdom, France is the only member officially recognised as a nuclear weapon state and the sole holder of a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council. [171] [299] Actions taken in the cultural area by the EU include the Culture 2000 seven-year programme,[299] the European Cultural Month event,[300] and orchestras such as the European Union Youth Orchestra. However, following the UK's exit from the block in early 2020 the percentage of the EU population who spoke English as their native language fell from 13% to 1%. [214], Humanitarian aid is financed directly by the budget (70%) as part of the financial instruments for external action and also by the European Development Fund (30%). EU trade marks give protection in all Member States of the Union, for those who want that option. Eine vollständige und aktuelle Liste der Mitgliedstaaten der EU findest du auf der Website des Auswärtigen Amtes. Die Europäische Union gibt es seit 1992. 46 souveräne Staaten, die zumindest einen Teil ihres Territoriums in Europa haben bzw. The President and Vice-Presidents are elected by MEPs every two and a half years. Österreich seit 1995 18. Since then, the eurozone has increased to encompass 19 countries. [203] 21 EU members are members of NATO[204] while the remaining member states follow policies of neutrality. [103], A total of twenty official languages of the EU belong to the Indo-European language family, represented by the Balto-Slavic,[i] the Italic,[j] the Germanic,[k] the Hellenic,[l] and the Celtic[m] branches. Article 39 (ex Article 33) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on. The European Parliament is one of three legislative institutions of the EU, which together with the Council of the European Union is tasked with amending and approving the Commission's proposals. [s] Previously, the EU itself could not accede to the convention as it is neither a state[t] nor had the competence to accede. The game Europa: Länder is available in the following languages: Seterra ist ein kostenloses Quiz-Spiel über Landkarten, das Dir einiges über Länder, Staaten und Hauptstädte in der ganzen Welt zeigt. [246] The ECB is the central bank for the eurozone, and thus controls monetary policy in that area with an agenda to maintain price stability. [324], The European Union has contributed to peace in Europe, in particular by pacifying border disputes,[325][326] and to the spread of democracy, especially by encouraging democratic reforms in aspiring Eastern European member states after the collapse of the USSR. [87][88], The EU contains about 40 urban areas with populations of over 1 million. At the same time, the union provides an external constraint that prevents soft authoritarian regimes from progressing into hard dictatorships. Lobbying at EU level by special interest groups is regulated to try to balance the aspirations of private initiatives with public interest decision-making process.[140]. the role of the EU in securing the ratification and coming into force of the Kyoto Protocol despite opposition from the United States. The ombudsman is elected by the European Parliament for the length of the Parliament's term, and the position is renewable. [228], The European Union has concluded free trade agreements (FTAs)[229] and other agreements with a trade component with many countries worldwide and is negotiating with many others. Competence in scrutinising and amending legislation is shared between the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament, while executive tasks are performed by the European Commission and in a limited capacity by the European Council (not to be confused with the aforementioned Council of the European Union). [252], In 2007, EU countries as a whole imported 82% of their oil, 57% of their natural gas[254] and 97.48% of their uranium[251] demands. Tasks for the President of the European Council are ensuring the external representation of the EU,[143] driving consensus and resolving divergences among member states, both during meetings of the European Council and over the periods between them. [212] Frontex is an agency of the EU established to manage the cooperation between national border guards securing its external borders. [141] It is actively involved in the negotiation of treaty changes and defines the EU's policy agenda and strategies. This lacuna has been addressed by the recently passed Directive on services in the internal market which aims to liberalise the cross border provision of services. The European Commission acts both as the EU's executive arm, responsible for the day-to-day running of the EU, and also the legislative initiator, with the sole power to propose laws for debate. Case 11/70, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft v. Einfuhr und Vorratstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel; Article 6(2) of the Maastricht Treaty (as amended). Schweden seit 1995 22. In 1957, when the EEC was founded, it had no environmental policy. Vissa av länderna har en del av sin areal i andra kontinenter. Greece joined in 1981, Portugal and Spain following in 1986. Of these, 31.4 million (6.3%) were born outside the EU and 16.0 million (3.2%) were born in another EU member state. The Dollar As Leading Reserve Currency", "There Are Only Two Real Threats To The US Dollar's Status As The International Reserve Currency", "Euro area unemployment rate at 10.3%, EU28 at 8.9%", "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 31% to 626% of the EU average in 2017", "Living and working in the Single Market", "Almunia says 'undesirable' to act on Sweden's euro refusal", "Europe seals deal on financial supervision", "The European Power Sector in 2020 / Up-to-Date Analysis on the Electricity Transition", "Energy consumption and production: EU27 energy dependence rate at 54% in 2006: Energy consumption stable", "Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes", "Ukraine-Russia gas dispute – call for stronger EU energy policy", "The trans-European transport network: new guidelines and financial rules", "EUR 650 million for the Polish Road Network", "Jacques Barrot Home Page, Commission vice president for transport", "Agriculture: Meeting the needs of farmers and consumers", "Sugar: Commission proposes more market-, consumer- and trade-friendly regime", "The Commission prohibits GE's acquisition of Honeywell", "Microsoft caves in to European Commission", "Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table", "Así es el seguro europeo contra el paro que propone el futuro comisario de Empleo de la UE – elEconomista.es", "Proposed EU directive on minimum wage brews controversy from all sides", "Union of Equality: The Commission presents its first-ever strategy on LGBTIQ equality in the EU", "Chapter 2: The European Union Structural and Cohesion Funds", "Populists, greens and the new map of European politics", "EU summit deadlock over top jobs and climate discord", "The Erasmus programme celebrates its 20th anniversary", "About the Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency", "2019 Human Development Index Ranking | Human Development Reports", "In Europe, life expectancy is lower in the east", "Life expectancy: Are you in one of the top 5 regions? [302], Association football is by far the most popular sport in the European Union by the number of registered players. Aber: Wenn ein Land der EU beitreten will, muss es zunächst einmal zu Europa gehören. Sie hatte den historischen Sitz in ihrem Zentralbüro in der Wiener Hofburg und gilt als Panbewegung. Europa : Rangordnung der Statistiken – Waldfläche (% der Land) Die 5 höchsten Datensätze für souveräne Staaten (1 pro Land) seit 1990 : 1 - Finnland - Waldfläche (% der Land) war : 73,69 % in 2000 2 - Schweden - Waldfläche (% der Land) war : 68,92 % in 2013 3 - Slowenien - … [162] The European Commission estimated in 2009 that the financial effect of irregularities was €1,863 million. Furthermore, the European Convention on Human Rights and European Social Charter, as well as the source of law for the Charter of Fundamental Rights are created by the Council of Europe. In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome, which created the European Economic Community (EEC) and established a customs union. [211] EU military operations are supported by a number of bodies, including the European Defence Agency, European Union Satellite Centre and the European Union Military Staff. In addition, the principle of subsidiarity requires that only those matters that need to be determined collectively are so determined. [63] Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum. 16–22). [281], In 2017, the EU emitted 9.1% of global greenhouse-gas emissions. Zur Europäischen Union (EU) zählen momentan 27 Länder (Stand Februar 2020). Important documents, such as legislation, are translated into every official language and the European Parliament provides translation for documents and plenary sessions. Mitigating climate change is one of the top priorities of EU environmental policy. The European Council should not be mistaken for the Council of Europe, an international organisation independent of the EU based in Strasbourg. Abolition of the death penalty is a condition for EU membership. Galileo is a proposed Satellite navigation system, to be built by the EU and launched by the European Space Agency (ESA). See Craig and de Búrca, p. 115. To become a member, a country must meet the Copenhagen criteria, defined at the 1993 meeting of the European Council in Copenhagen. The population of the UK is roughly 0.9% of the world's population. Die Eurozone besteht aus 19 EU-Staaten und wird deswegen als Euro-19 bezeichnet. [21][better source needed] Additionally, all EU countries have a very high Human Development Index according to the United Nations Development Programme. Against the blue sky of the Western world, the stars symbolise the peoples of Europe in a form of a circle, the sign of union. EPC was renamed as the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) by the Maastricht Treaty. [129], The EU's population is highly urbanised, with some 75% of inhabitants living in urban areas as of 2006. The charter is a codified catalogue of fundamental rights against which the EU's legal acts can be judged. [156], In the 2010 budget of €141.5 billion, the largest single expenditure item is "cohesion & competitiveness" with around 45% of the total budget. [104] The three official alphabets of the European Union (Cyrillic, Latin, and modern Greek) all derive from the Archaic Greek scripts. "[176], In 2009, the Lisbon Treaty gave legal effect to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. In 1990, after the fall of the Eastern Bloc, the former East Germany became part of the Communities as part of a reunified Germany.[68]. [123] Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo are officially recognised as potential candidates,[122] with Bosnia and Herzegovina having submitted a membership application. [159] The Parliament uses this to decide whether to approve the commission's handling of the budget. pp. Portugal seit 1986 20. [1] They are most often used in competition law, or on rulings on State Aid, but are also frequently used for procedural or administrative matters within the institutions. [304], The Treaty of Lisbon requires any application of economic rules to take into account the specific nature of sport and its structures based on voluntary activity. Die Europa-Union Deutschland (EUD) ist die größte Bürgerinitiative für Europa in Deutschland. Other key global agreements are the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (United Nations, 2015). [265] Another high-profile case against Microsoft, resulted in the Commission fining Microsoft over €777 million following nine years of legal action. Somit gelten ab dem 1. Die EU-Mitgliedstaaten sind: 1. [70] In 1995, Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined the EU. [240], Two of the original core objectives of the European Economic Community were the development of a common market, subsequently becoming a single market, and a customs union between its member states. The candidates are supported financially, administratively and technically during this pre-accession period. There are some EU policies that have affected sport, such as the free movement of workers, which was at the core of the Bosman ruling that prohibited national football leagues from imposing quotas on foreign players with European citizenship. Almost all uranium is imported and nuclear power is considered primary energy produced in the EU. [117] The countries where the fewest people reported a religious belief were Estonia (16%) and the Czech Republic (19%). [296] In general, life expectancy is lower in Eastern Europe than in Western Europe. TACIS has now become part of the worldwide EuropeAid programme. 26 EU-Länder liegen vollständig auf dem Europäischen Kontinent. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services and capital within the internal market;[11] enact legislation in justice and home affairs; and maintain common policies on trade,[12] agriculture,[13] fisheries and regional development. This is intended to allow the market to dictate production levels. In 2002, euro banknotes and coins replaced national currencies in 12 of the member states. [200], Switzerland was called to vote on whether to end the agreement with European Union on the free movement of people, in September 2020. Detta är en lista över Europas länder i storleksordning.Europas totala geografiska område är cirka 10,2 miljoner km². Social security main legislation is found in the Equal Treatment in Occupational Social Security Directive 86/378, the Equal Treatment in Social Security Directive 79/7/EEC, the Social Security Regulation 1408/71/EC and 883/2004/EC and the Directive 2005/36/EC. [2][105], Luxembourgish (in Luxembourg) and Turkish (in Cyprus) are the only two national languages that are not official languages of the EU. The 27 Commissioners as a single body are subject to approval (or otherwise) by vote of the European Parliament. [172] Because of the doctrines of direct effect and supremacy, many judgments of the Court of Justice are automatically applicable within the internal legal orders of the member states. [255], The EU is working to improve cross-border infrastructure within the EU, for example through the Trans-European Networks (TEN). It consists of a government minister from each member state and meets in different compositions depending on the policy area being addressed. [168] These are power-giving treaties which set broad policy goals and establish institutions with the necessary legal powers to implement those goals. (Slovak version pictured). [210], EU forces have been deployed on peacekeeping missions from middle and northern Africa to the western Balkans and western Asia. [275], European policy-makers originally increased the EU's capacity to act on environmental issues by defining it as a trade problem. In 2004, the EU saw its biggest enlargement to date when Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined the Union.[71]. The President of the European Parliament (David Sassoli) carries out the role of speaker in Parliament and represents it externally. Federalism and European union: The building of Europe, 1950–2000. [164][165], EU member states retain all powers not explicitly handed to the European Union. Brings together ministers of member states governments' departments. [263], Since the beginning of the 1990s, the CAP has been subject to a series of reforms. The majority of the population lives in areas with a temperate maritime climate (North-Western Europe and Central Europe), a Mediterranean climate (Southern Europe), or a warm summer continental or hemiboreal climate (Northern Balkans and Central Europe). The Council of Europe gave the flag a symbolic description in the following terms,[308] though the official symbolic description adopted by the EU omits the reference to the "Western world":[309]. [163], In November 2020, members of the Union, Hungary and Poland, blocked approval to the EU's budget at a meeting in the Committee of Permanent Representatives (Coreper), citing a proposal that linked funding with adherence to the rule of law. [18] The EU traces its origins to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), established, respectively, by the 1951 Treaty of Paris and 1957 Treaty of Rome. [65] In 1985, the Schengen Agreement paved the way for the creation of open borders without passport controls between most member states and some non-member states. Die 27 EU-Mitglieder umfassen ein Gebiet von 4,14 Mio km² und rund 447,51 Mio Einwohnern. Europäische Union. and Corcelle, G. (1989) The Environmental Policy of the European Communities, Graham & Trotman, London, Cases C-403/08 and C-429/08, Opinion of Advocate General Kokott, para 207, Riché, Preface xviii, Pierre Riché reflects: "[H]e enjoyed an exceptional destiny, and by the length of his reign, by his conquests, legislation and legendary stature, he also profoundly marked the history of Western Europe. When European countries started to cooperate economically in 1951, only Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands participated. Constitutionally, the EU bears some resemblance to both a confederation and a federation,[136][137] but has not formally defined itself as either. Decisions offer an alternative to the two above modes of legislation. [3], Eurostat's Eurobarometer opinion polls showed in 2005 that 52% of EU citizens believed in a god, 27% in "some sort of spirit or life force", and 18% had no form of belief. (It does not have a formal constitution: its status is defined by the Treaty of European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union). It acts externally as a "collective head of state" and ratifies important documents (for example, international agreements and treaties).[142]. EU member states own the estimated second largest after the United States (US$105 trillion) net wealth in the world, equal to around 20% (~€60 trillion) of the US$360 trillion (~€300 trillion)[231] global wealth. [104] Catalan, Galician and Basque are not recognised official languages of the European Union but have official status in one member state (Spain): therefore, official translations of the treaties are made into them and citizens have the right to correspond with the institutions in these languages. defence). Over time, more and more countries decided to join. [78] The UK formally notified the European Council of its decision to leave on 29 March 2017, initiating the formal withdrawal procedure for leaving the EU; following extensions to the process, the UK left the European Union on 31 January 2020, though most areas of EU law continued to apply to the UK for a transition period which lasted until 23:00 GMT on 31 December 2020. [226][227] Internal trade between the member states is aided by the removal of barriers to trade such as tariffs and border controls. The EU has long sought to mitigate the effects of free markets by protecting workers rights and preventing social and environmental dumping. Rumänien seit 2007 21. [80][81] In 2015, 5.1 million children were born in the EU-28 corresponding to a birth rate of 10 per 1,000, which is 8 births below the world average. The Schengen Area consists of 26 states, including four which are not members of the European Union (EU). [ad], The Competition Commissioner, Margrethe Vestager, is one of the most powerful positions in the commission, notable for the ability to affect the commercial interests of trans-national corporations. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of lawsthat apply in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where members have agreed to act as one. [127] The lowest points in the EU are Lammefjorden, Denmark and Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands, at 7 m (23 ft) below sea level. In this section. Startseite ; Über die EU . The euro (€) is the official currency of 19 out of 27 EU countries. EU-Land den Euro als offizielle Währung. Two territories have left the Union: Greenland (an autonomous province of Denmark) withdrew in 1985;[121] the United Kingdom formally invoked Article 50 of the Consolidated Treaty on European Union in 2017, and became the only sovereign state to leave when it withdrew from the EU in 2020. Burgess, Michael (2000). The largest absolute numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany (6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United Kingdom (4.7 million), Spain (4.1 million), Italy (3.2 million), and the Netherlands (1.4 million). The anthem of the Union is an instrumental version of the prelude to the Ode to Joy, the 4th movement of Ludwig van Beethoven's ninth symphony. [108][109] The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ratified by most EU states provides general guidelines that states can follow to protect their linguistic heritage. Luxemburg seit 1952 15. Trade barriers and competitive distortions in the Common Market could emerge due to the different environmental standards in each member state. Negotiations are then formally opened on a subject-by-subject basis. The EU's member states cover an area of 4,233,262 square kilometres (1,634,472 sq mi). Die drei Kaukasus-Staaten Georgien, Aserbaidschan und Armenien hingegen sind nicht hier, sondern in der Liste der Staaten Asiens aufgeführt, obwohl manche die innereurasische Grenze so definieren, dass Teile der Staatsgebiete ebenfalls in Europa liegen. To complement this framework, there is also a European Systemic Risk Board under the responsibility of the ECB. The European Convention on Human Rights was previously only open to members of the, Opinion (2/92) of the European Court of Justice on "Accession by the Community to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms", To do otherwise would require the drafting of legislation which would have to cope with the frequently divergent legal systems and administrative systems of all of the now 28 member states. [46] In 1920, advocating the creation of a European economic union, British economist John Maynard Keynes wrote that "a Free Trade Union should be established ... to impose no protectionist tariffs whatever against the produce of other members of the Union. [276] In subsequent years, the environment became a formal policy area, with its own policy actors, principles and procedures. These conditions are known as the ‘Copenhagen criteria’ and include a free-market economy, a stable democracy and the rule of law, and the acceptance of all EU legislation, including of the euro. [130], Several overseas territories and dependencies of various member states are also formally part of the EU. außerordentlicher Karlspreis 2004", Press freedom in the EU Legal framework and challenges, "European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations", "Institutional integration and economic growth in Europe", "The European Union's authoritarian equilibrium", Historical Archives of the European Union, Eurostat – European Union Statistics Explained, The European Union: Questions and Answers, European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002), European Economic Community (1958–1993/2009), Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification, Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, Largest cities by population within city limits, Orders, decorations, and medals of the European Union, Western European Union Mission Service Medal, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Directive on the re-use of public sector information, Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. v. Cadbury UK Limited, Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions, Directive on the legal protection of designs, Directive on the Protection of Trade Secrets, German Law on the Protection of Trade Secrets, Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, American Foundation for AIDS Research (AMFAR), Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, Spanish Organization for the Blind (ONCE), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Union&oldid=1017264973, International organizations based in Europe, United Nations General Assembly observers, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing Bulgarian-language text, Articles containing Croatian-language text, Articles containing Estonian-language text, Articles containing Finnish-language text, Articles containing Hungarian-language text, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing Latvian-language text, Articles containing Lithuanian-language text, Articles containing Maltese-language text, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Articles containing Romanian-language text, Articles containing Slovene-language text, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing Swedish-language text, Pages using collapsible list without both background and text-align in titlestyle, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles lacking reliable references from January 2021, All articles that may have off-topic sections, Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from December 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2020, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013, Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. ", Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Treaty establishing the European Defence Community, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, a debt crisis in some of the Eurozone countries, increasing migration from Africa and Asia, referendum in the UK on its membership of the European Union, formal withdrawal procedure for leaving the EU, List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, list of urban areas in the European Union, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, different compositions depending on the policy area being addressed, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations, European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department, European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument, Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development, UN Conference on Environment and Development, 500 largest corporations in the world measured by revenue, Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, the free circulation of goods, capital, people, and services within the EU, Directive on services in the internal market, Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union, European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority, European Securities and Markets Authority, European Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship, Environmental Impact Assessment Directive, European Commissioner for the Environment, Institute for European Environmental Policy, Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union, Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, research and technological framework programmes, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, Directorate-General for Health and Consumers, Special member state territories and the European Union, List of multilateral free-trade agreements, European Union–United Kingdom free trade agreement, Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, Article 4 of the Statute of the Council of Europe, "European Commission – Frequently asked questions on languages in Europe", "Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020 (EU countries)", "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey", "Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century", "The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities", "Activities of the European Union: Internal Market", "Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union", "Brexit day: end of an era as United Kingdom leaves EU – as it happened-GB", "European Union reaches 500 Million through Combination of Accessions, Migration and Natural Growth", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 (global)", "A European Cultural Identity?
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