peru amtssprachen aymara

Hardman, Martha James, Juana Vásquez, and Juan de Dios Yapita. It was approved by the III Congreso Indigenista Interamericano de la Paz in 1954, though its origins can be traced as far back as 1931. They are mutually intelligible. All suffixes can be categorized into the nominal, verbal, transpositional and those not subcategorized for lexical category (including stem-external word-level suffixes and phrase-final suffixes),[13] as below: All verbs require at least one suffix to be grammatical. It is often assumed that the Aymara language descends from the language spoken in Tiwanaku on the grounds that it is the native language of that area today. Aymara Lorenzo - Aymara Lorenzo Ferrigni (born 26 December 1972, Caracas) is a Venezuelan journalist and audiovisual producer.She worked for the TV channel Globovisión. Vocabvlario dela lengva aymara: Primera y segvnda partes (Dictionary of the Aymara language: First and second parts) was published in Lima, Peru, in 1612. There is no data on the difficulty of Aymara for speakers of English. Suffixes not subcategorized for lexical category can be divided into three stem-external, word-level suffixes (otherwise known as "independent suffixes") and around a dozen phrase-final suffixes (otherwise known as "sentence suffixes"). Some linguists have claimed that Aymara is related to its more widely spoken neighbor, Quechua. [5] Regardless, the use of the word "Aymara" as a label for this people was standard practice as early as 1567, as evident from Garci Diez de San Miguel's report of his inspection of the province of Chucuito (1567, 14; cited in Lafaye 1964). Das Aymara (auch Aimara) gehört mit 2,2 Mio. The class of vowel-suppressing suffixes cannot be defined in terms of some common morphological, morpho-syntactic, or semantic feature. The agglutinative nature of this suffixal language, coupled with morphophonological alternations caused by vowel deletion and phonologically conditioned constraints, gives rise to interesting surface structures that operate in the domain of the morpheme, syllable, and phonological word/phrase. Parallel Aymara examples describe future days as qhipa uru, literally 'back days', and they are sometimes accompanied by gestures to behind the speaker. Multipliers/reversers — The two multipliers/reversers are comparatively less productive and are not obligatory. Roots conform to the template (C)V(C)CV, with CVCV being predominant. Their argument is mainly within the framework of conceptual metaphor, which recognizes in general two subtypes of the metaphor "the passage of time is motion:" one is "time passing is motion over a landscape" (or "moving-ego"), and the other is "time passing is a moving object" ("moving-events"). From Puno at 07:00 am, taking the paved road leading to the border with Bolivia over some 150 km along the south shore of Lake Titicaca, begin leaving the Gulf of Puno at the Point and the beautiful CHIMU OJERANI rocky area, with graceful houses along the hillside. In contrast, Aymara seems to encode the past as in front of individuals and the future behind them. This man, who later assisted Viceroy Toledo in creating a system under which the indigenous population would be ruled for the next 200 years, wrote a report in 1559 entitled 'On the lineage of the Yncas and how they extended their conquests'[citation needed] in which he discusses land and taxation issues of the Aymara under the Inca empire. The Aymaran languages, the second most widespread indigenous language lineage of the Andes (c. 2.2 million speakers), after Quechua(n). Southern Aymara in Peru PRINT VERSION: SHARE: The Aymara, Southern have only been reported in Peru. Long vowels are indicated with a diaeresis in writing: ä, ï, ü. Beginning with Spanish missionary efforts, there have been many attempts to create a writing system for Aymara. Occasionally, the amount of disease in a community rises above the expected level. Let us know and we’ll add them here! Stops show no distinction of voice (e.g. [4] It is also spoken, to a much lesser extent, by some communities in northern Chile, where it is a recognized minority language. http://www.brill.com/products/book/grammar-muylaq-aymara, The grammatical expression of dialogicity in Muylaq' Aymara narratives, A descriptive analysis of Castellano Loanwords in Muylaq' Aymara, Primary research materials online as full-text in the University of Florida's Digital Collections, https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153212/http://clas.uchicago.edu/language_teaching/aymara.shtml, Bolivians equip ancient language for digital times, Aymara – Compendio de Estrutura Fonológica y Gramatical, Indigenous language families and isolates, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aymara_language&oldid=1015152508, Articles with dead external links from October 2016, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from February 2018, All articles needing additional references, Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from September 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018, Articles that may contain original research from October 2011, All articles that may contain original research, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Phonotactic vowel deletion, hiatus reduction, occurs when two vowels become adjacent as a consequence of word construction or through the process of suffixation. The language that is normally called ‘Aymara’ is well-known to be spoken in much of the Altiplano, the ‘high plain’ at an altitude of around 4000 m that covers much of western Bolivia and the far south of Peru. Mood and modality — Mood and modality includes mood, evidentials, event modality, and the imperative. Their semantic affect is usually transparent. This native language is spoken by more than 2 million people across the Andes, especially in Bolivia and Peru, where it is among the official languages. [citation needed]. In English usage, some linguists use the term Aymaran languages for the family and reserve 'Aymara' for the Altiplano branch. Das Land ist damit flächenmäßig das drittgrößte Land in Südamerika. The meaning of a word which is affixed with a member of this category is often but not always predictable, and the word formed may have a different meaning than the root. La lauréate 2000 - Bolivie-Chili-Pérou, Gladys VASQUEZ POMA: En novembre … The meaning expressed when a word receives one of these suffixes is predictable. info)) people are an indigenous nation in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America; about 2.3 million live in Bolivia, Peru and Chile.Their ancestors lived in the region for many centuries before becoming a subject people of the Inca in the late 15th or early 16th century, and later of the Spanish in the 16th century. The most unusual characteristic is the expression of the uvular /χ/ with ⟨jh⟩. The phrase-final suffix must appear minimally on a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase (note that two phrase-final suffixes, the additive -. In the table below, long vowels are marked with a colon. The tense and mood systems are fairly complex. open_in_new Link to source ; warning Request revision ; Cusco (Perú) “Khoka, (La Planta) vocablo aymara con el cual fue denominada en sus orígenes”. woman.ch. Main Language. The total population of Aymara speakers is estimated at 2.8 million people. Aymara (Aymar aru) belongs to the Aymaran language family. Until recently, Aymara had a form of non-standardized picture writing, used mostly to write Christian religious texts. As for the consonants, Aymara has phonemic stops at the labial, alveolar, palatal, velar and uvular points of articulation. A word in a polysynthetic language can express a meaning which would require a whole sentence in many other languages, e.g., Kunjamaskatasa ‘How are you?’. 12.00% Progress. 20 % af landets befolkning og er landets største gruppe af oprindelige folk. Aymara also has a tapped /ɾ/, and an alveolar/palatal contrast for nasals and laterals, as well as two semivowels (/w/ and /j/). Most languages conceptualize the ego as moving forward into the future, with ego's back to the past. The fact that English has words like before and after that are (currently or archaically) polysemous between 'front/earlier' or 'back/later' may seem to refute the claims regarding Aymara uniqueness. In some contexts, attachment to a verb conveys a reverser meaning and effectively express the opposite of the meaning of the plain root. Sprechern zusammen mit dem Quechua und dem Guaraní zu den heute am meisten gesprochenen indigenen Sprachen Südamerikas. Aymara is, with Quechua, one of very few [Núñez & Sweetser, 2006, p. 403] languages in which speakers seem to represent the past as in front of them and the future as behind them. Indeed, (Altiplano) Aymara is actually the one of two extant members of a wider language family, the other surviving representative being Jaqaru. Vowel elision can be syntactically conditioned. HERE are many translated example sentences containing "AYMARA" - english-french translations and search engine for english translations. The Aymara live on high-altitude plains in the Bolivian Andes, on the Lake Titicaca plateau near the border with Peru. Most speakers of Aymara are also proficient in Spanish and/or Quechua. Privacy Policy Contact Us, Foreign language learning is real world education, /q, x, X, ʎ / have no equivalents in English. Valency-increasing — The five valency increasing suffixes may occur on a wide range of verbs but are not obligatory. The language was then called Colla. There are efforts to promote the use of the traditional language but about one-third of the population can no longer speak it. Person/tense — Person and tense are fused into a unitary suffix. The majority of suffixes are CV, though there are some exceptions: CVCV, CCV, CCVCV and even VCV are possible but rare. Although it is an official language in Bolivia, it is underrepresented in the public sphere, where Spanish dominates. Nominal and verbal morphology is characterized by derivational- and inflectional-like suffixes as well as non-productive suffixes. Xavier Albó, "Andean People in the Twentieth Century," in, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin, "Bolivia: Idioma Materno de la Población de 4 años de edad y más- UBICACIÓN, ÁREA GEOGRÁFICA, SEXO Y EDAD", A Grammar of Muylaq' Aymara: Aymara as spoken in Southern Peru. [2][3] Aymara, along with Spanish, is an official language in Bolivia and Peru. Events are in a queue, with prior events towards the front of the line. The Aymara homeland was, probably, in the Andes of central or southern Peru from where it was partially displaced by Quechua into the highlands of Bolivia, particularly around Lake Titicaca. The Southern Aymara dialect is spoken in the eastern half of the Iquique province in northern Chile and in most of the Bolivian department of Oruro. Aymara, Southern. Possibly, the metaphor is from the fact that the past is visible (in front of one's eyes), but the future is not. Stress usually falls on the penultimate (next-to-last) syllable. How difficult is it to learn Aymara? Home > Peru travel packages > Titicaca lake tour > THE AYMARA ROUTE FULL DAY TOUR. The Aymarais the traditional language of this human group. Aymara Lupaca Reserved Zone - The Aymara Lupaca Reserved Zone was a protected area in southeastern Peru, set up in 1996, with an area of around 200,000 hectares. Mit dem Aymara bildet es die Aymara-Sprachfamilie. More than a century passed before "Aymara" entered general usage to refer to the language spoken by the Aymara people (Briggs, 1976:14). The first official alphabet to be adopted for Aymara was the Scientific Alphabet. Res… These suffixes are both productive and obligatory. Over the centuries, Aymara has gradually lost speakers both to Spanish and to Quechua; many Peruvian and Bolivian communities that were once Aymara-speaking now speak Quechua.[12]. In this standard orthography, the consonants are represented as shown below. woman.ch . There are three main varieties of Aymara (Ethnologue). Intermediate Aymara shares dialectical features with both Northern and Southern Aymara and is found in the eastern half of the Tacna and Moquegua departments in southern Peru and in the northeastern tip of Chile. With the Future Behind Them : Convergent Evidence From Aymara Language and Gesture in the Crosslinguistic Comparison of Spatial Construals of Time. Aymara may refer to: In language and people:. Home / Bibleless Nations / Southern Aymara of Peru. [citation needed] However, those words relate events to other events and are part of the moving-events metaphor. Morphemic vowel deletion is the most common. It was the first official record of an alphabet, but in 1914, Sisko Chukiwanka Ayulo and Julián Palacios Ríos had recorded what may be the first of many attempts to have one alphabet for both Quechua and Aymara, the Syentifiko Qheshwa-Aymara Alfabeto with 37 graphemes. There are also contexts in which the word formed has a meaning that significantly differs from that of the root to which it attaches. more_vert. Non-productive nominal suffixes vary considerably by variant but typically include those below. Others — In some varieties of Aymara, there are three suffixes not classified into the categories above: the verbal comparative -. The copula verb “be” is not used in equational sentences, e.g.. The normal word order in Aymara is Subject-Object-Verb. Is Aymara Alone? The early Aymara people called themselves “Jaqi” (human beings) and belonged to the Collasuyo division in the Inca Empire. Aymara is a language as well as a people: it is a native American language spoken by over a million people in Bolivia and several large communities in Peru, Chile and Argentina. Aymara nouns are not marked for gender, number or case. At September 2000, the Aymara leader Felipe Quispe, el Mallku was recognized as a national wide figure in Bolivia after a victorious strike demandig for rights of the indigenous people. The Aymara – a people with about two million members – live on the Altiplano in the Andean region of Bolivia, in southern Peru, and in northern Chile. The suggestion that "Aymara" comes from the Aymara words "jaya" (ancient) and "mara" (year, time) is almost certainly a mistaken folk etymology. Aymara is an agglutinating and, to a certain extent, a polysynthetic language. In Bolivia, they are the second-largest indigenous community (following the Quechua) with about 1.5 million members – thus representing 25 percent of the Bolivian population. It is spoken by the indigenous Aymara people in Bolivia, Peru, Northern Chile, and Argentina (Ethnologue). Die Hauptstadt ist Lima. Case is affixed to the last element of a. Besides words shared with Quechuan languages, Aymara also has a substantial number of Spanish loanwords, e.g., lapisawa ‘pencil’ from Spanish ‘lapiz’, Winustiyas fom Spanish ‘Buenos dias’. In Peru lernst Du Spanisch. Previous Next The ancient home of the Aymara is perched twelve-thousand feet above sea level on the Altiplano, a high plateau near Lake Titicaca in the Peruvian Andes. LANGUAGE IN PERU The official language of Peru is the Spanish, and in the areas where prevail are also the Quechua, Aymara and other aboriginal languages. ; The main Aymara language within that family, popularly known as just Aymara (ISO 639-3: ayr). [citation needed] Also in 1968, de Dios Yapita created his take on the Aymara alphabet at the Instituto de Lenga y Cultura Aymara (ILCA). No 1593 (Deza Galindo 1989, 17). Rs. These forms are among the most inflectional-like of the verbal suffixes insofar as they are all obligatory and productive. Laureate 2000-Aymara del tripartito Peru-Bolivia-Chile - Gladys VASQUEZ POMA: came to Geneva in November 2000 to attend the Working Group for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples at the United Nations to bring her complaint about the devastating extraction of waters from her highland community. Aymara definition: a member of an indigenous people of Bolivia and Peru | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Some orthographic attempts even expand further: the Alfabeto Funcional Trilingüe, made up of 40 letters (including the voiced stops necessary for Spanish) and created by the Academia de las Lenguas Aymara y Quechua in Puno in 1944 is the one used by the lexicographer Juan Francisco Deza Galindo in his Diccionario Aymara – Castellano / Castellano – Aymara. This writing was originally produced on animal skins and later on paper. Take a look at Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Aymara Central. There are even projects to offer Aymara through the internet, such as by ILCA. Languages of Peru During the pre-Hispanic period, the Inca spread their language, Quechua, across the highlands and along the coast, although some groups near Lake Titicaca spoke Aymara at the time of the Spanish conquest. There are hundreds of possible combinations of roots and suffixes. Terminology for this wider language family is not yet well established. Today, Aymara is written with a Spanish version of the Roman alphabet. [citation needed] Southern Aymara of Peru. Weather conditions are cold and harsh, and agriculture is difficult. Progress Scale . Stress is usually on the second-to-last syllable, but long vowels may shift it. As many people know, the main language of Peru is Spanish, but other languages like Quechua and Aymara are also used. there is no phonemic contrast between [p] and [b]), but each stop has three forms: plain (tenuis), glottalized, and aspirated. Ethnologue: 1.785 million in Bolivia in 1987; 442 thousand of the central dialect in Peru in 2000, plus an unknown number of speakers of the southern dialect in Peru; 900 in Chile in 1994 out of a much larger ethnic population. Yannina and Sven quit their jobs and started a knitting factory in Peru together with Yannina’s family. Like all South Amerindian languages Aymara was not written before the Spanish conquest. Although the final vowel of a word is elided except at the end of a phrase, the stress remains unchanged. Sounds such as [ʃ, x, ŋ] exist as allophones of /t͡ʃ, χ, n/. The English sentences prepare for what lies before us and we are facing a prosperous future exemplify the metaphor. In such environments one of the two vowels deletes: (i) if one of the two vowels is. Aymara is a highly agglutinative, suffixal language. Vowel deletion is frequent in Aymara. Christian. PROGRAM . Largest Religion. of Lima, in central Peru. The claims regarding Aymara involve the moving-ego metaphor. [citation needed] Besides being the alphabet employed by Protestant missionaries, it is also the one used for the translation of the Book of Mormon. Aymara is a language spoken by aproximately 1.600.000 persons around the Titicaca lake. Prior to the Spanish conquest of Peru in the 16th century, Aymara was spoken over a larger area than today having lost speakers to Spanish and Quechua. Did you know that the word alpaca came from Aymara allpaca, the name of the animal? This is the same family which in older usage was also known by the names Aru or Jaqi. Christianity . The alphabet created by the Comisión de Alfabetización y Literatura Aymara (CALA) was officially recognized in Bolivia in 1968 (co-existing with the 1954 Scientific Alphabet).
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